Introduction Of Diabetes
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| Diabetes causes and diagnosis |
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that affects how your body processes blood sugar (glucose). It occurs when the body either does not produce enough insulin or cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to serious complications, including heart disease, kidney failure, nerve damage, and vision problems.
Types of Diabetes
1. Type 1 Diabetes
An autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
Typically diagnosed in children and young adults.
Requires lifelong insulin therapy.
2. Type 2 Diabetes
- The most common form of diabetes.
- The body becomes resistant to insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels.
- Often linked to obesity, physical inactivity, and genetic factors.
3. Gestational Diabetes
- Develops during pregnancy.
- Usually resolves after childbirth, but increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.
4. Prediabetes
- Blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as diabetes.
- A warning sign for the potential development of type 2 diabetes.
Symptoms of Diabetes
Common Symptoms
- Frequent urination (polyuria)
- Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
- Extreme hunger (polyphagia)
- Unexplained weight loss
- Fatigue
- Blurred vision
- Slow-healing wounds
- Numbness or tingling in hands and feet
Symptoms Specific to Type 1 Diabetes
- Rapid weight loss
- Nausea and vomiting
- Ketone production (a sign of fat breakdown due to lack of insulin)
Symptoms Specific to Type 2 Diabetes
- Dark patches on the skin (acanthosis nigricans)
- Frequent infections (e.g., urinary tract infections, gum infections)
- Increased risk of cardiovascular problems
Symptoms of Gestational Diabetes
- Often no noticeable symptoms
- Increased thirst and urination in some cases
Causes of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes Causes
Autoimmune reaction: The immune system mistakenly attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
Genetics: A family history of type 1 diabetes increases the risk.
Environmental factors: Viral infections may trigger the autoimmune response.
Type 2 Diabetes Causes
Insulin resistance: The body’s cells do not respond properly to insulin.
Obesity: Excess fat, especially around the abdomen, contributes to insulin resistance.
Genetics: Family history plays a significant role.
Lifestyle factors: Poor diet, physical inactivity, and smoking increase the risk.
Gestational Diabetes Causes
Hormonal changes: Pregnancy hormones can make the body resistant to insulin.
Obesity: Increases the risk of gestational diabetes.
Genetics: A family history of diabetes raises the likelihood.
Diagnosis of Diabetes
1. Fasting Blood Sugar Test (FBS)
- Measures blood sugar levels after fasting for at least 8 hours.
- Diabetes is diagnosed if levels are 126 mg/dL or higher.
2. Random Blood Sugar Test (RBS)
- A blood sample is taken at any time of the day.
- Diabetes is diagnosed if blood sugar is 200 mg/dL or higher.
3. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
Measures blood sugar levels before and after consuming a sugary drink.
Diabetes is diagnosed if blood sugar is 200 mg/dL or higher after 2 hours.
4. Hemoglobin A1c Test (HbA1c)
- Measures average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months.
- Diabetes is diagnosed if the HbA1c level is 6.5% or higher.
5. Gestational Diabetes Test
A glucose challenge test followed by an OGTT to confirm diagnosis.
Conclusion
Diabetes is a serious but manageable condition. Early diagnosis, lifestyle modifications, and proper medical care can help prevent complications and improve quality of life. If you experience any symptoms of diabetes, consult a healthcare professional for timely diagnosis and treatment.
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